Short answer: Yes, Google can.
In May 2020, John Mueller clarified that:
IDN TLDs should be fine, they’ve been around for a number of years now.
IDN stands for Internationalized Domain Name, and there are a number of variants including .рф, .قطر (Qatar), and .ایران (Iran).
What is a .рф domain?
The .рф ccTLD isn’t a URL extension many SEOs come across – as we’re more accustomed to seeing .ru domains, or other gTLDs within Russian search results pages.
In Cyrillic, .рф translates to .rf, and is used for Russian Federation websites. As of February 2016, there were more than 900,000 registered.
Examples of this domain in live use include:
- онлайнбилет.рф
- волонтёрыпобеды.рф
- ярче.рф
- красстрой.рф
- сушиселл.рф
- дешеваяаптека.рф
- серебрица.рф